The Builder Pattern is an increasingly popular idiom for object creation. Traditionally, one of it's shortcomings in relation to simple constructors is that clients can try to build incomplete objects, by omitting mandatory parameters, and that error will only show up in runtime. I'll show how to make this verification statically in Scala.
So, let's say you want to order a shot of scotch. You'll need to ask for a few things: the brand of the whiskey, how it should be prepared (neat, on the rocks or with water) and if you want it doubled. Unless, of course, you are a pretentious snob, in that case you'll probably also ask for a specific kind of glass, brand and temperature of the water and who knows what else. Limiting the snobbery to the kind of glass, here is one way to represent the order in scala.
sealed abstract class Preparation /* This is one way of coding enum-like things in scala */
case object Neat extends Preparation
case object OnTheRocks extends Preparation
case object WithWater extends Preparation
sealed abstract class Glass
case object Short extends Glass
case object Tall extends Glass
case object Tulip extends Glass
case class OrderOfScotch(val brand:String, val mode:Preparation, val isDouble:Boolean, val glass:Option[Glass])
A client can instantiate their orders like this:
val normal = new OrderOfScotch("Bobby Runner", OnTheRocks, false, None)
val snooty = new OrderOfScotch("Glenfoobar", WithWater, false, Option(Tulip));Note that if the client doesn't want to specify the glass he can pass None as an argument, since the parameter was declared as Option[Glass]. This isn't so bad, but it can get annoying to remember the position of each argument, specially if many are optional. There are two traditional ways to circumvent this problem — define telescoping constructors or set the values post-instantiation with accessors — but both idioms have their shortcomings. Recently, in Java circles, it has become popular to use a variant of the
GoF Builder pattern. So popular that it is Item 2 in the second edition of Joshua Bloch's
Effective Java
. A Java-ish implementation in Scala would be something like this:
class ScotchBuilder {
private var theBrand:Option[String] = None
private var theMode:Option[Preparation] = None
private var theDoubleStatus:Option[Boolean] = None
private var theGlass:Option[Glass] = None
def withBrand(b:Brand) = {theBrand = Some(b); this} /* returning this to enable method chaining. */
def withMode(p:Preparation) = {theMode = Some(p); this}
def isDouble(b:Boolean) = {theDoubleStatus = some(b); this}
def withGlass(g:Glass) = {theGlass = Some(g); this}
def build() = new OrderOfScotch(theBrand.get, theMode.get, theDoubleStatus.get, theGlass);
}This is almost self-explanatory, the only caveat is that verifying the presence of non-optional parameters (everything but the glass) is done by the Option.get method. If a field is still None, an exception will be thrown. Keep this in mind, we'll come back to it later.
The var keyword prefixing the fields means that they are mutable references. Indeed, we mutate them in each of the building methods. We can make it more functional in the traditional way:
object BuilderPattern {
class ScotchBuilder(theBrand:Option[String], theMode:Option[Preparation], theDoubleStatus:Option[Boolean], theGlass:Option[Glass]) {
def withBrand(b:String) = new ScotchBuilder(Some(b), theMode, theDoubleStatus, theGlass)
def withMode(p:Preparation) = new ScotchBuilder(theBrand, Some(p), theDoubleStatus, theGlass)
def isDouble(b:Boolean) = new ScotchBuilder(theBrand, theMode, Some(b), theGlass)
def withGlass(g:Glass) = new ScotchBuilder(theBrand, theMode, theDoubleStatus, Some(g))
def build() = new OrderOfScotch(theBrand.get, theMode.get, theDoubleStatus.get, theGlass);
}
def builder = new ScotchBuilder(None, None, None, None)
}The scotch builder is now enclosed in an object, this is standard practice in Scala to isolate modules. In this enclosing object we also find a factory method for the builder, which should be called like so:
import BuilderPattern._
val order = builder withBrand("Takes") isDouble(true) withGlass(Tall) withMode(OnTheRocks) build()
Looking back at the ScotchBuilder class and it's implementation, it might seem that we just moved the huge constructor mess from one place (clients) to another (the builder). And yes, that is exactly what we did. I guess that is the very definition of encapsulation, sweeping the dirt under the rug and keeping the rug well hidden. On the other hand, we haven't gained all the much from this "functionalization" of our builder; the main failure mode is still present. That is, having clients forget to set mandatory information, which is a particular concern since we obviously can't fully trust the sobriety of said clients
*. Ideally the type system would prevent this problem, refusing to typecheck a call to build() when any of the non-optional fields aren't set. That's what we are going to do now.
One technique, which is very common in Java fluent interfaces, would be to write an interface for each intermediate state containing only applicable methods. So we would begin with an interface VoidBuilder having all our withFoo() methods but no build() method, and a call to, say, withMode() would return another interface (maybe BuilderWithMode), and so on, until we call the last withBar() for a mandatory Bar, which would return an interface that finally has the build() method. This technique works, but it requires a metric buttload of code — for
n mandatory fields
2n interfaces should be created. This could be automated via code generation, but there is no need for such heroic efforts, we can make the typesystem work in our favor by applying some generics magic. First, we define two abstract classes:
abstract class TRUE
abstract class FALSE
Then, for each mandatory field, we add to our builder a generic parameter:
class ScotchBuilder[HB, HM, HD](val theBrand:Option[String], val theMode:Option[Preparation], val theDoubleStatus:Option[Boolean], val theGlass:Option[Glass]) {
/* ... body of the scotch builder .... */
}Next, have each withFoo method pass ScotchBuilder's type parameters as type arguments to the builders they return. But, and here is where the magic happens, there is a twist on the methods for mandatory parameters: they should, for their respective generic parameters, pass instead TRUE:
class ScotchBuilder[HB, HM, HD](val theBrand:Option[String], val theMode:Option[Preparation], val theDoubleStatus:Option[Boolean], val theGlass:Option[Glass]) {
def withBrand(b:String) =
new ScotchBuilder[TRUE, HM, HD](Some(b), theMode, theDoubleStatus, theGlass)
def withMode(p:Preparation) =
new ScotchBuilder[HB, TRUE, HD](theBrand, Some(p), theDoubleStatus, theGlass)
def isDouble(b:Boolean) =
new ScotchBuilder[HB, HM, TRUE](theBrand, theMode, Some(b), theGlass)
def withGlass(g:Glass) =
new ScotchBuilder[HB, HM, HD](theBrand, theMode, theDoubleStatus, Some(g))
}The second part of the magic act is to apply the world famous
pimp-my-library idiom and move the build() method to an implicitly created class, which will be anonymous for the sake of simplicity:
implicit def enableBuild(builder:ScotchBuilder[TRUE, TRUE, TRUE]) = new {
def build() =
new OrderOfScotch(builder.theBrand.get, builder.theMode.get, builder.theDoubleStatus.get, builder.theGlass);
}Note the type of the parameter for this implicit method:
ScotchBuilder[TRUE, TRUE, TRUE]. This is the point where we "declare" that we can only build an object if all the mandatory parameters are specified. And it really works:
scala> builder withBrand("hi") isDouble(false) withGlass(Tall) withMode(Neat) build()
res5: BuilderPattern.OrderOfScotch = OrderOfScotch(hi,Neat,false,Some(Tall))
scala> builder withBrand("hi") isDouble(false) withGlass(Tall) build()
<console>:9: error: value build is not a member of BuilderPattern.ScotchBuilder[BuilderPattern.TRUE,BuilderPattern.FALSE,BuilderPattern.TRUE]
builder withBrand("hi") isDouble(false) withGlass(Tall) build()So, we achieved our goal (see the full listing below). If you are worried about the enormous parameter lists inside the builder, I've posted
here an alternative implementation with abstract members instead. It is more verbose, but also cleaner.
Now, remember those abstract classes TRUE and FALSE? We never did subclass or instantiate them at any point. If I'm not mistaken, this is an idiom named Phantom Types, commonly used in the ML family of programming languages. Even though this application of phantom types is fairly trivial, we can glimpse at the power of the mechanism. We have, in fact, codified all 2
n states (one for each combination of mandatory fields) as types. ScotchBuilder's subtyping relation forms a lattice structure and the
enableBuild() implicit method requires the supremum of the poset (namely,
ScotchBuilder[TRUE, TRUE, TRUE]). If the domain requires, we could specify any other point in the lattice — say we can doll-out a dose of any cheap whiskey if the brand is not given, this point is represented by
ScotchBuilder[_, TRUE, TRUE]. And we can even escape the lattice structure by using Scala inheritance. Of course, I didn't invent any of this; the idea came to me in
this article by Matthew Fluet and Riccardo Pucella, where they use phantom types to encode subtyping in a language that lacks it.
object BuilderPattern {
sealed abstract class Preparation
case object Neat extends Preparation
case object OnTheRocks extends Preparation
case object WithWater extends Preparation
sealed abstract class Glass
case object Short extends Glass
case object Tall extends Glass
case object Tulip extends Glass
case class OrderOfScotch(val brand:String, val mode:Preparation, val isDouble:Boolean, val glass:Option[Glass])
abstract class TRUE
abstract class FALSE
class ScotchBuilder
[HB, HM, HD]
(val theBrand:Option[String], val theMode:Option[Preparation], val theDoubleStatus:Option[Boolean], val theGlass:Option[Glass]) {
def withBrand(b:String) =
new ScotchBuilder[TRUE, HM, HD](Some(b), theMode, theDoubleStatus, theGlass)
def withMode(p:Preparation) =
new ScotchBuilder[HB, TRUE, HD](theBrand, Some(p), theDoubleStatus, theGlass)
def isDouble(b:Boolean) =
new ScotchBuilder[HB, HM, TRUE](theBrand, theMode, Some(b), theGlass)
def withGlass(g:Glass) = new ScotchBuilder[HB, HM, HD](theBrand, theMode, theDoubleStatus, Some(g))
}
implicit def enableBuild(builder:ScotchBuilder[TRUE, TRUE, TRUE]) = new {
def build() =
new OrderOfScotch(builder.theBrand.get, builder.theMode.get, builder.theDoubleStatus.get, builder.theGlass);
}
def builder = new ScotchBuilder[FALSE, FALSE, FALSE](None, None, None, None)
}
* Did you hear that noise? It's the sound of my metaphor shattering into a million pieces
EDIT 2008-07-09 at 19h00min: Added introductory paragraph.
